the following describe internal states of symptoms except

Infants younger than 12 months appear to be at the highest risk for SIDS, and boys have a greater risk than girls. In general, these drugs are not thought to possess the same sort of abuse potential as other classes of drugs discussed in this section. Treatment. Generally, people use caffeine to maintain increased levels of alertness and arousal. One complete menstrual cycle takes about 28 daysa lunar monthbut many biological cycles are much shorter. Alan Hobson, a neuroscientist, is credited for developing activation-synthesis theory of dreaming. We experience different states of consciousness and different levels of awareness on a regular basis. There was a significant positive correlation between the degree to which women thought about their former spouses during waking hours and the number of times their former spouses appeared as characters in their dreams (Cartwright, Agargun, Kirkby, & Friedman, 2006). Nasal Congestion: Symptoms, Signs, Causes & Treatment - MedicineNet Therefore, it is important to make a distinction between hypnosis as an empirically based therapeutic approach versus as a form of entertainment. Adepressantis a drug that tends to suppress central nervous system activity. Gastrointestinal symptoms including abdominal pain, diarrhea, and vomiting. That includes exercise and bright light from devices. A) a mole that looks cancerous B) nasal congestion C) change in heart rate D) issues with breathing Which of the following American health care systems is most known for requiring a referral from a primary care doctor in order to see a specialist? Upset stomach and vomiting. Psychological dependence on these drugs is also possible. Surprisingly, sleep apnea may exacerbate cardiovascular disease (Snchez-de-la-Torre, Campos-Rodriguez, & Barb, 2012). Furthermore, slow-wave sleep after learning a new task can improve resultant performance on that task (Huber, Ghilardi, Massimini, & Tononi, 2004) and seems essential for effective memory formation (Stickgold, 2005). Think meditation might help? It is relatively easy to wake someone from stage 1 sleep; in fact, people often report that they have not been asleep if they are awoken during stage 1 sleep. For example, body temperature fluctuates cyclically over a 24-hour period (Figure 4.2). Originally reported as a safe alternative to the known cancer-causing agents found in cigarettes, vaping is now known to be very dangerous and has led to serious lung disease and death in users. Although individuals suffering from night terrors appear to be awake, they generally have no memories of the events that occurred, and attempts to console them are ineffective. This section will describe several sleep disorders as well as some of their treatment options. For one, research suggests that infants should be placed on their backs when put down to sleep, and their cribs should not contain any items which pose suffocation threats, such as blankets, pillows or padded crib bumpers (cushions that cover the bars of a crib). Those who continue to have insomnia, particularly if it affects their quality of life, should seek professional treatment. The prevalence rates for somatic disorders are often difficult to determine; however, overall estimates of somatic symptom disorder are around 4-6%. These initiatives include increasing access to treatment and recovery services, increasing access to overdose-reversal drugs like Naloxone, and implementing better public health monitoring systems (NIDA, 2019). The tendency to maintain a stable, relatively constant internal environment is called homeostasis. At rather low doses, alcohol use is associated with feelings of euphoria. In addition, the appearance of K-complexes is often associated with stage 2 sleep. Psychometric analysis indicates that the ISS is composed of four principle components, producing four subscales. Opium, Heroin, Fentanyl, Morphine, Oxycodone, Vicoden, methadone, and other prescription pain relievers, Decreased pain, pupil dilation, decreased gut motility, decreased respiratory function. How the brain's internal states affect decision-making This feeling of a depressed mood is also accompanied by two or more additional symptoms, to include changes in appetite, insomnia or hypersomnia, low energy or fatigue, low self-esteem, feelings of hopelessness, and poor concentration or difficulty with decision making. Natural opioids, calledopiates, are derivatives of opium, which is a naturally occurring compound found in the poppy plant. While we certainly welcome the convenience of having the darkness lit up, we also suffer the consequences of reduced amounts of sleep because we are more active during the nighttime hours than our ancestors were. In addition, these drugs can cause feelings of anxiety, hallucinations, and paranoia (Fiorentini et al., 2011). While caffeine may have some indirect effects on dopamine neurotransmission, its primary mechanism of action involves antagonizing adenosine activity (Porkka-Heiskanen, 2011). One popular hypothesis of sleep incorporates the perspective of evolutionary psychology. Methamphetamine in its smokable form, often called crystal meth due to its resemblance to rock crystal formations, is highly addictive. Caffeine is an adenosine antagonist, so caffeine inhibits the adenosine receptors, thus decreasing sleepiness and promoting wakefulness. . Depending on the population and sleep disorder being studied, between 30% and 50% of the population suffers from a sleep disorder at some point in their lives (Bixler, Kales, Soldatos, Kaels, & Healey, 1979; Hossain & Shapiro, 2002; Ohayon, 1997, 2002; Ohayon & Roth, 2002). (Jayanthi & Ramamoorthy, 2005; Rothman, Blough, & Baumann, 2007). Diarrhea. If you lie down to take a nap and fall asleep very easily, chances are you may have sleep debt. Wakefulnessis characterized by high levels of sensory awareness, thought, and behavior. He suffered from no apparent anatomical brain anomalies or psychological disorders. Describe the diagnostic criteria for substance use disorders, Identify the neurotransmitter systems impacted by various categories of drugs, Describe how different categories of drugs affect behavior and experience, Understand the similarities and differences of hypnosis and meditation. According to the dissociation view, hypnosis is effectively a dissociated state of consciousness, much like our earlier example where you may drive to work, but you are only minimally aware of the process of driving because your attention is focused elsewhere. Scott Falater had a history of regular episodes of sleepwalking as a child, and he had even behaved violently toward his sister once when she tried to prevent him from leaving their home in his pajamas during a sleepwalking episode. Quiz 1.docx - PSY-352 Health Psychology Quiz 1 Complete the following We might even describe consciousness as a continuum that ranges from full awareness to a deep sleep. In fact, this relationship is so robust that some view the presence of RBD as a potential aid in the diagnosis and treatment of a number of neurodegenerative diseases (Ferini-Strambi, 2011). Just as bears hibernate in the winter when resources are scarce, perhaps people sleep at night to reduce their energy expenditures. Perhaps our ancestors spent extended periods of time asleep to reduce attention to themselves from potential predators. Thus, K-complexes might serve as a bridge to higher levels of arousal in response to what is going on in our environments (Halsz, 1993; Steriade & Amzica, 1998). Acetylcholine functions as a neurotransmitter in motor neurons. Historically, hypnosis has been viewed with some suspicion because of its portrayal in popular media and entertainment (Figure 4.20). Sleep apnea is defined as a reduction or cessation of breathing during sleep. Drugwithdrawalincludes a variety of negative symptoms experienced when drug use is discontinued. Sleepwalking most often occurs during slow-wave sleep, but it can occur at any time during a sleep period in some affected individuals (Mahowald & Schenck, 2000). With excessive alcohol use, a person might experience a complete loss of consciousness and/or difficulty remembering events that occurred during a period of intoxication (McKim & Hancock, 2013). My sophomore college housemate got so stressed out during finals sophomore year he drank almost a whole bottle of Nyquil to try to fall asleep. The virus is transmitted to people from wild animals and spreads in the human population through human-to-human transmission. Brainwave activity changes dramatically across the different stages of sleep. Ebola virus disease (EVD), formerly known as Ebola haemorrhagic fever, is a rare but severe, often fatal illness in humans. . People vary in terms of their ability to be hypnotized, but a review of available research suggests that most people are at least moderately hypnotizable (Kihlstrom, 2013). c. deaths due to accidents have increased. Test 3 (Chapter 8) Flashcards | Quizlet All of the following are true statements concerning the health of Americans EXCEPT: a. mortality rates from smoking have declined. These symptoms include fatigue, sluggishness, irritability, and insomnia (i.e., a consistent difficulty in falling or staying asleep for at least three nights a week over a month's time) (Roth, 2007). During periods of sleepwalking, sleepers often have their eyes open, but they are not responsive to attempts to communicate with them. Like all opioids, codeine does have abuse potential. Methadone clinicshelp people who previously struggled with opioid addiction manage withdrawal symptoms through the use of methadone. While disruptions in circadian rhythms can have negative consequences, there are things we can do to help us realign our biological clocks with the external environment. Still, people experiencing opioid withdrawal may be given methadone to make withdrawal from the drug less difficult. Stage 2 sleep is characterized by the appearance of both sleep spindles and K-complexes. Psychological dependence, or drug craving, is a recent addition to the diagnostic criteria for substance use disorder in DSM-5. It is not uncommon for people suffering from undiagnosed or untreated sleep apnea to fear that their careers will be affected by the lack of sleep, illustrated by this statement from another patient, Im in a job where theres a premium on being mentally alert. This becomes a self-perpetuating cycle because increased anxiety leads to increased arousal, and higher levels of arousal make the prospect of falling asleep even more unlikely. Rotating shift workrefers to a work schedule that changes from early to late on a daily or weekly basis. that would be one of the problems that Ive encountered. For instance, have you ever daydreamed while driving home from work or school without really thinking about the drive itself? Caffeine is another stimulant drug. This shift in policy may be in response to the scientific communitys recommendations and/or reflect changing public opinion regarding marijuana. In such instances, REM rebound may actually represent an adaptive response to stress in non-depressed individuals by suppressing the emotional salience of aversive events that occurred in wakefulness (Suchecki, Tiba, & Machado, 2012). This theory is supported by Ernest Hilgards research into hypnosis and pain. While there is tremendous variation in any given individuals sleep needs, the National Sleep Foundation (n.d.) cites research to estimate that newborns require the most sleep (between 12 and 18 hours a night) and that this amount declines to just 79 hours by the time we are adults. A sleep deprived individual generally will fall asleep more quickly than if she were not sleep deprived. Heroin users often shoot the drug directly into their veins. Marijuana may also have some promise in the treatment of a variety of medical conditions (Mather, Rauwendaal, Moxham-Hall, & Wodak, 2013; Robson, 2014; Schicho & Storr, 2014). Research indicates that meditation may help reduce blood pressure, and the American Heart Association suggests that meditation might be used in conjunction with more traditional treatments as a way to manage hypertension, although there is not sufficient data for a recommendation to be made (Brook et al., 2013). Try going to bed and waking up at the same time every day to keep your biological clock in sync so your body gets in the habit of sleeping every night. It is also associated with paralysis of muscle systems in the body with the exception of those that make circulation and respiration possible. Whether lark, owl, or somewhere in between, there are situations in which a persons circadian clock gets out of synchrony with the external environment. Hypnosis in conjunction with other techniques is used for a variety of therapeutic purposes and has shown to be at least somewhat effective for pain management, treatment of depression and anxiety, smoking cessation, and weight loss (Alladin, 2012; Elkins, Johnson, & Fisher, 2012; Golden, 2012; Montgomery, Schnur, & Kravits, 2012). Therefore, it is quite likely that new medications that are developed to treat narcolepsy will be designed to target the hypocretin system. Which of the following is true regarding patient adherence: d - all of the above (a - the average adherence rate for taking medication to treat acute illness is about 67%, b - adherence to taking medicine . Manifest contentis the actual content, or storyline, of a dream. Low doses increase relaxation, decrease inhibitions. Ethanol, which we commonly refer to as alcohol, is in a class of psychoactive drugs known as depressants (Figure 4.15). In terms of brain wave activity, stage 1 sleep is associated with both alpha and theta waves. There is a tremendous amount of variability among sufferers, both in terms of how symptoms of narcolepsy manifest and the effectiveness of currently available treatment options. Inflammation has many causes, including infections, injuries, and diseases. In fact, abuse of prescription opioid medications is becoming a major concern worldwide (Aquina, Marques-Baptista, Bridgeman, & Merlin, 2009; Casati, Sedefov, & Pfeiffer-Gerschel, 2012). Thus we sleep in safe areas to reduce the chance of harm. Bloating or a feeling of fullness in the abdomen. You don't have to be a psychologist to know that conditions like hunger or fatigue have an impact on thinking and decision-making; these are examples of internal states. Add a comment. This pattern of brain wave activity resembles that of someone who is very relaxed, yet awake. Lucid dreamsare dreams in which certain aspects of wakefulness are maintained during a dream state. Stick to a sleep schedule, even on the weekends. Following the initial rush, users experience 46 hours of going on the nod, alternating between conscious and semiconscious states. This can lead to people compulsively using stimulants such as cocaine and amphetamines, in part to try to reestablish the persons physical and psychological pre-use baseline. For example, the National Institutes of Drug Abuse has sponsored research that suggests the misuse and abuse of the prescription pain killers hydrocodone and oxycodone are significant public health concerns (Maxwell, 2006). The different stages of sleep will be identified, and sleep disorders will be described. The chapter will close with discussions of altered states of consciousness produced by psychoactive drugs, hypnosis, and meditation. The fifth edition of theDiagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders,Fifth Edition(DSM-5) is used by clinicians to diagnose individuals suffering from various psychological disorders. The decade from 20102019 brought many changes in laws regarding marijuana. Narcoleptic episodes take on other features of REM sleep. By analyzing dreams, Freud thought people could increase self-awareness and gain valuable insight to help them deal with the problems they faced in their lives. Stage 3is often referred to as deep sleep or slow-wave sleep because this stage is characterized by low frequency (less than 3 Hz), high amplitudedelta waves(Figure 4.10). Sleep reboundrefers to the fact that a sleep-deprived individual will fall asleep more quickly during subsequent opportunities for sleep. The internal state of an object is the set of all its attributes' values. The FDAs 2013 recommendation for tighter controls on opiate prescriptions left many patients addicted to prescription drugs like OxyContin unable to obtain legitimate prescriptions. Some people might turn to over-the-counter (OTC) or prescribed sleep medications to help them sleep, but this should be done sparingly because many sleep medications result in dependence and alter the nature of the sleep cycle, and they can increase insomnia over time. Theta waves still dominate the activity of the brain, but they are interrupted by brief bursts of activity known as sleep spindles (Figure 4.9). These synthetic drugs are so potent that even small doses can cause overdose and death. These effects can occur as a function of accumulated sleep debt or in response to more acute periods of sleep deprivation. In the variation of mindful meditation, the meditators attention is focused on some internal process or an external object (Zeidan, Grant, Brown, McHaffie, & Coghill, 2012). People sleep better in cooler temperatures. The clock sets itself with light information received through projections from the retina. The participant is encouraged to use his or her imagination. The participant is guided to focus on one thing, such as the hypnotists words or a ticking watch. The participant is told to be open to the process of hypnosis, trust the hypnotist and let go. Disorganized Thinking. One or two nights of sleep difficulty is not unusual, but if you experience anything more than that, you should seek a doctors advice. Jet lagis a collection of symptoms that results from the mismatch between our internal circadian cycles and our environment. Meditative techniques have their roots in religious practices (Figure 4.21), but their use has grown in popularity among practitioners of alternative medicine. Sleep apneais defined by episodes during which a sleepers breathing stops. You were capable of engaging in the all of the complex tasks involved with operating a motor vehicle even though you were not aware of doing so. While awake, we feel alert and aware of the many important things going on around us. We spend approximately one-third of our lives sleeping. THE INTERNAL STATE SCALE (ISS) Version 2 and the ChronoBook SCORING KEY AND SUMMARY Mark S. Bauer, MD . These episodes can last 1020 seconds or longer and often are associated with brief periods of arousal. Thepineal gland, an endocrine structure located inside the brain that releases melatonin, is thought to be involved in the regulation of various biological rhythms and of the immune system during sleep (Hardeland, Pandi-Perumal, & Cardinali, 2006). PDF Internal States Scale and Reference - University of Washington MDMA (3.4-methelynedioxy-methamphetamine, commonly known as ecstasy or Molly) is a mild stimulant with perception-altering effects. (a) Delta waves, which are low frequency and high amplitude, characterize (b) slow-wave stage 3 and stage 4 sleep. For example, people who undergo chemotherapy will often be prescribed marijuana to stimulate their appetites and prevent excessive weight loss resulting from the side effects of chemotherapy treatment. Alcohol, barbiturates (e.g., secobarbital, pentobarbital), Benzodiazepines (e.g., Xanax). Unexplained hemorrhaging, bleeding or bruising. We might also experience unconscious states of being via drug-induced anesthesia for medical purposes. The pons is important for regulating rapid eye movement (REM) sleep (National Institutes of Health, n.d.). Some of these areas include the thalamus, the hypothalamus, and the pons. The typical positive symptoms of schizophrenia , such as hallucinatory experiences or fixed delusional beliefs, tend to be very upsetting and disruptivenot a positive experience at all for you or someone you care about who is experiencing them. Homeostasis (article) | Human body systems | Khan Academy Like NREM sleep, REM has been implicated in various aspects of learning and memory (Wagner, Gais, & Born, 2001; Siegel, 2001). Complete the following multiple choice quiz covering chapters 1, 6, and 9. REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD)occurs when the muscle paralysis associated with the REM sleep phase does not occur. Anopioidis one of a category of drugs that includes heroin, morphine, methadone, and codeine. The brains clock mechanism is located in an area of the hypothalamus known as thesuprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). While individuals suffering from sleep apnea may not be aware of these repeated disruptions in sleep, they do experience increased levels of fatigue. Delusions. The amount of sleep we get varies across the lifespan. Ebola virus disease - World Health Organization Melatonin is thought to be involved in the regulation of various biological rhythms and the immune system (Hardeland et al., 2006). To prevent withdrawal, many people turned to cheaper heroin, which could be bought for $5 a dose or less. While we have discussed the negative outcomes associated with sleep deprivation, it should be pointed out that there are many benefits that are associated with adequate amounts of sleep. An agonist facilitates the activity of a neurotransmitter system, and antagonists impede neurotransmitter activity. Complications. This causes blood vessels to dilate, and the skin may feel warm and flushed. This is illustrated by McCartys (2010) case study of a 50-year-old woman who sought help for the excessive sleepiness during normal waking hours that she had experienced for several years. Keep your bedroom temperature between 60 and 67 degrees. Upon a search of the premises, police found blood-stained clothes and a bloody knife in the trunk of Falaters car, and he had blood stains on his neck.

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